• Uvod • Uzroci povišenih vrijednosti • Uzroci sniženih vrijednosti • Literatura
Uvod
Normalan nalaz: 1.5-2.5 mEq/L (0.80-1.20 mmol/L) [CF: 0.4114; SMI: 0.02 mmol/L]
Normalan nalaz: 1.5-2.5 mEq/L (0.80-1.20 mmol/L) [CF: 0.4114; SMI: 0.02 mmol/L]
Uzroci povišenih vrijednosti:
- Oštećenje bubrega (Renal failure)
- Teža dehidratacija (Severe dehydration)
- Leukemija (Leukemia)
- Pretjeran unos magnezija putem lijekova (Excessive ingestion of magnesium containing drugs)
- Terapija toksemije u trudnoći ili pretjeran rad (Therapy for toxemia of pregnancy or premature labor)
- Endokrinopatije: nedostatak mineralokortikoida ili tiroidnih hormona (Endocrinopathies: deficiency of mineralocorticoid or thyroid hormone)
- Rabdomijeloza (Rhabdomyolysis)
- Akutna dijabetična ketoacidoza, feokromocitom (acure DKA, pheochromocytoma)
- Drugi uzroci: litijum, smanjenje volumena tečnosti, familijarna hipokalciurična hiperkalcemija (Other: lithium, volume depletion, familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia)
Uzroci sniženih vrijednosti:
- Malapsorpcija: defektivna gastrointestinalna apsorpcija (Malabsorbtion: defective GI absorption)
- Neadekvatan dijetetski udar: npr. alkoholizam (Inadequate dietery intake: e.g., alcoholism)
- Protein – kalorijska malnutricija (protein – calorie malnutrition)
- Akutno oštećenje bubrega (Acute renal failure)
- Citrirana krv (Citrated blood)
- Lijekovi: diuretici, antibiotici [gentamicin, tikarcilin, karbencilin],aminoglikozidi, amfotericin B i ciklosporini, foskarnet, metotreksat, tretman hiperglikemije, teofilin, epinefrin, digoksin, pentamid, manitol, (Drugs: diuretics, antibiotics [gentamicin, ticarcillin, carbencillin], aminoglycosides, amphotericin B and cyclosporines, foscarnet, methotrexate, treatment of hyperglycemia, theophylline, epinephrine, digoxin, pentamide, mannitol)
- Oštećenje jetre (Liver failure)
- Endokrini poremećaji: dijabetična ketoacidoza, hiperaldosteronizam, hipertiroidizam, hiperparatiroidizam, sindrom neodgovarajuće sekrecije antidiuretskog hormona, Barterov sindrom, hiperkalciurija, hipokalemija (Endocrine disturbances: DKA, hyperaldosteronism, hyperthyroidism, hyperparathyroidism, SIADH, Bartter’s syndrome, hypercalciuria, hypokalemia)
- Akutni pankreatitis (Acute pacreatitis)
- Kardiopulmonarni bajpas (Cardiopulmonary bypass)
- Razni uzroci: pretjerano znojenje, opekotine, duže vježbe, laktacija, sindrom izgladnjele kosti (Miscellaneous: sweating, burns, prolonged exercise, lactation, “hungry – bones” syndrome)
Literatura:
Barbara A. Bullock, Reet L. Henze, Focus on Pathophysiology
Drew Provan: Clinical and Laboratory Investigation (Oxford Handbook)
Ravel R.: Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Mosby
Samir P. Desai, MD: Clinical's guide to Laboratory MedicineTopić Elizabeta, Primorac Dragan, Janković Stipan: Medicinskobiokemijska dijagnostika u praksi